REVIEW FOR SECOND TRIMESTER EXAM

Chapter #14:

1. JUDICIAL REVIEW is the chief weapon of the judicial branch in our system of checks and balances. (p. 404)

2. JUDICIAL ACTIVIST is a judge or justice who believes that courts should make as well as interpret law; this person will be a liberal. (p. 404)

3. MARBURY V. MADISON meant that the Supreme Court will try to avoid direct confrontations with the other branches of government. (p. 405)

4. McCULLOCH V. MARYLAND established the principle of the federal government passing any laws necessary and proper to carrying out other constitutional duties and that federal laws are supreme over state laws. (p. 405)

5. 1860-1930 – the Supreme Court was concerned most with economic regulation by government. (p. 408)

6. 1936- present – the Supreme Court was concerned most with personal liberties. (p. 409)

7. COURT PACKING means the practice of appointing only justices who agree with the president. (p. 409)

8. CONSTITIONALLY MANDATED COURTS the Supreme Court only (p. 411); does not mention size of the Court

9. PRESIDENT’S AND THEIR APPOINTEES are often disappointed by the people that they name judges because judicial behavior is hard to predict. (p. 412)

10.SENATORIAL COURTESY means that senators actually appoint district judges and presidents confirm them. (p. 412)

11.LITMUS TEST Senate’s confirmation of judicial appointee contingent on that person’s personal views on certain subjects depending on what political party the person is associated with. (p. 413)

12.DUAL COURT SYSTEM refers to the federal/state courts in the U.S. (p. 414)

13.U.S. DISTRICT COURTS are where the vast majority of federal cases begin. (p. 416)

14.WRIT OF CERTIORARI issued when the Supreme Court wants to review a case of a lower court (also know as the Vote of Four), (p.416)

15.FEE SHIFTING refers to the practice of getting the loser to pay court costs (p. 418)

16.A SECTION 1983 SUIT is when a citizen sues and wins against a government official for withholding a benefit to which the citizen is entitled (p.418)

17.DOCTRINE OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY a citizen cannot sue the government without its consent (p. 418)

18.U.S. SOLICITOR GENERAL’s function is to approve every case the federal government present to the Supreme Court (p. 421)

19.AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF is a form of judicial lobbying (p. 421)

20.TIE IN THE SUPREME COURT means that the lower court decision is left standing (p. 422)

CHAPTER #9

21.INTEREST GROUPS COMMON IS U.S. because political parties are so week. (p. 217-218); and they can easily gain access to government.

22.GROWTH OF INTEREST GROUPS because of changing economic conditions; government policy and leadership. (p. 218)

23.PUBLIC INTEREST LOBBIES have skyrocketed since the 1970s; they principally benefit nonmembers. Some ex. are the ACLU, the NAACP and the Women’s Legal Defense Fund. (p. 223, 225)

24.INTEREST GROUP is one that attempts to influence public policy. (p. 221)

25.MASS-MEMERSHIP INTEREST GROUPS most people do not join. (p. 222)

26.1945 was the peak year of the union movement in the U.S. (p. 227)

27.LOBBIEST’S MOST IMPORTANT WEAPON information. Politicians will also look to them for political cues. (p. 232, 233)

28.PAC’s can be formed by anyone, even politicians. (p. 237)

29.ETHICS IN GOVERNMENT ACT: outlaws bribery, conflict of interest; president must disclose income from stocks and bonds. (p. 239).

CHAPTER #10

30.EARLY COLONIAL NEWSPAPERS were highly partisan. They became less partisan with paid advertising. (p. 247-248)

31.MAGAZINES WHICH PRESENTED PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES: Nation; Atlantic and Harper’s. (p. 249)

32.MASS MEDIA are not a true mirror of reality because of editing and the process of selection. (p. 250)

33.BRODCASTING INDUSTRY can be described as decentralized. (p. 253)

34.GATEKEEPER media setting the agenda. (p. 253)

35.SCOREKEEPER media determines who is winning. (p. 254)

36.RIGHT OF REPORTERS TO CONCEAL SOURCES is upheld by the media only. (p. 256)

37.BROADCAST MEDIA LICENSES to get renewed they must demonstrate how they plan to serve the community. (p. 258)

38.BROADCASTORS must allow individuals the right to reply to an attack and allow candidates to reply to a station’s endorsement of the opposing candidate. (p. 258)

CHAPTER #11

39.BICAMERAL a two house legislature. (p. 279)

40.TYRANNY prevented by dividing power among three branches. (p. 279)

41.DECENTRALIZATION general trend in distribution of power and decision making throughout the evolution of Congress. (p. 279)

42.RISE OF HOUSE MEMBERS SERVING ONLY THEIR FIRST OR SECOND TERM IN 1995 can be attributed to: redrawing of congressional districts; voter disgust; and conversion of South from solidly Democratic to a Republican stronghold. (p. 285)

43.LESS MARGINAL CONGRESSIONAL SEATS because incumbents find it easier than challengers to make their names known and incumbents can use their powers to get programs passed. (p. 286)

44.VOTER’S POLITICAL BELIEFS have become closer to the center. (p. 298)

45.SENATE MAJORITY LEADER the real leader of the Senate. (p. 298)

46.SENATE STEERING COMMITTEE the most important element in party organization for an ambitious newly elected senator. (p. 299)

47.CONGRESSIONA BLACK CAUCUS is one of the best known national constituency caucuses. (p. 305)

48.COMMITTEES are where most of the work of Congress is done. (p. 306)

49.SENATOR can only chair one committee. (p. 307)

50.CONGRESSIONAL TRACKS will help determine what committees one wants to serve on. For example, either serving voters (for re-election or higher office) or becoming Speaker or majority leader. (p. 309)

51.CONGRESSIONAL STAFF until the 1990s was the most rapidly growing bureaucracy in Washington. (p. 309)

52.CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE is where to find the status of a bill pending in Congress. (p. 311)

53.COMPLEXITY OF PASSING BILL IN CONGRESS gives the advantage to the bill’s opponents. (p. 311)

54.JOINT RESOLUTION can be used by a member of Congress who wants to propose a Constitutional amendment. (p. 313)

55.REVENUE BILLS must originate in the House. (p. 314)

56.SCHEDULING OF BILLS IN THE SENATE is determined by the majority and minority leaders together. (p. 316)

CHAPTER #12

57.DIVIDED GOVERNMENT, between 1952 and 1996, no less than 15 times. (p. 335)

58.FOUNDERS FEARED the president would use the militia to overpower state governments. (p. 337)

59.PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS were not often decided in the House because political parties ending up playing a major role. (p. 338)

60.INCREASED PRESIDENTIAL POWER created by emergency conditions and a popular or strong-willed pres. (p. 343)

61.AD HOC was the method of staff organization used by Pres. Clinton, using task forces, committees and inform groups of friends. (p. 346)

62.A WEAK CABINET is because the secretaries defend, explain and enlarge their agencies and the president appoints individuals who do not have a political following. (p. 350-351)

63.PRESIDENTS are judged by both character and accomplishments. (p. 353)

64.PRESIDENIAL COATTAILS have decreased in recent years. (p. 356)

65.EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE is based on the separation of powers and the president’s need for candid advice from aides. But in the case of the United States v. Nixon, the Supreme Court ruled that there is no unqualified presidential executive privilege of immunity. The Court ruled that Nixon had to turn over his tapes to Congress. (p. 361)

66.IMPOUNDMENT OF FUNDS, the Constitution says nothing. (p. 362)

67.SUCCESSFUL PRESIDENTS stick to a few key programs, especially in developing new programs for the economy and in foreign affairs. (p. 364)

68.WHITE HOUSE STAFF can be reorganized by the President without consulting Congress. (p. 365)

69.PRESIDENT WINNING RE-ELECTION seldom happens when the country is deeply divided. (p. 366)

70.PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION: Veep; Speaker; President Pro Tem of Senate, Cabinet in order of creation (25^th Amend.). (p. 367)

71.25^TH AMENDMENT provides for presidential disability. (p. 369)